Kennedy, M. A., Samra, J. & Gorzalka, B. B. (2002, August). Child Abuse and Trauma Scale: Normative Data for Diverse Ethnic Groups.  Paper presented at Victimization of Children and Youth: An International Conference, Portsmouth, NH.

Child Abuse and Trauma Scale

 (Sanders & Becker-Lausen, 1995); adapted by Kent & Waller (1998)

2968 participants

1028 E/W European (777 women, 251 men)

1463 Chinese (1052 women, 411 men)

243 SE Asian (172 women, 71 men)

234 Indo-Asian (157 women, 77 men)

Mean age:  19.6 (SD = 2.2)

% Born in Canada

E/W European 89.8%

Chinese 36%

Southeast Asian:  45.7%

Indo-Asian:  82.1%

Punishment

Group                                    N            Mean              SD

European men                  250            1.2593          .571

European women            766            1.1023          .609

Indo-Asian men                  76            1.3860          .602

Indo-Asian women          155            1.3753          .604

SE Asian men                     70            1.4786          .499

SE Asian women             170            1.5196          .607

Chinese men                     405            1.5605          .520

Chinese women             1037            1.5043          .543

Neglect

Group                                    N            Mean              SD

European men                  246            0.8416          .584

European women            754            0.8792          .658

Indo-Asian men                  74            0.8822          .641

Indo-Asian women          151            1.0000          .718

SE Asian men                     71            1.0171          .584

SE Asian women             167            1.0530          .580

Chinese men                    399            1.0252          .565

Chinese women            1033            1.0614          .593

Emotional Abuse

Group                                    N            Mean              SD

European men                  249            0.9682          .645

European women            762            0.9961          .655

Indo-Asian men                  72            1.1687          .686

Indo-Asian women          155            1.1512          .722

SE Asian men                     71            1.2716          .627

SE Asian women             171            1.2523          .662

Chinese men                    390            1.2352          .622

Chinese women            1029            1.2484          .669

Sexual Abuse

Group                                    N            Mean              SD

European men                  250            0.0967          .231

European women            768            0.1615          .356

Indo-Asian men                  76            0.2083          .550

Indo-Asian women          153            0.1906          .393

SE Asian men                     70            0.1119          .258

SE Asian women             169            0.1223          .293

Chinese men                    396            0.1389          .358

Chinese women            1035            0.1353          .333

Reliability Coefficients

Punishment subscale

Number of items = 6

Group                         Alpha              N of cases

European                   α = .702    1016

Indo-Asian                  α = .651    231

SE Asian                    α = .625    240

Chinese                      α = .552    1444

1995 (.63)

1998 (.80)

Emotional abuse subscale

Number of items = 7

Group                         Alpha              N of cases

European                   α = .860    1011

Indo-Asian                  α = .860    227

SE Asian                    α = .832    242

Chinese                      α = .813    1420

1998 (.88)