Psy 210 Lecture 2
Developmental Psychology

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 Learning Objectives
  1. Discuss the social risks to childrens development.
  2. Explain the difference between a person's phenotype and that person's genotype, and give an example.
  3. Tell what genes do and explain the significance of their location on the chromosomes.
  4. Explain the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
  5. Explain how a person can be either homozygous or heterozygous for an expressed trait.
  6. Explain how the sex of a child is determined.
  7. Contrast dominant and recessive inheritance and explain how each occurs.
  8. Describe three methods of inheritance of defects, and give at least one example of each.
  9. Name two ways in which chromosomal abnormalities can occur.
  10. Describe PKU and its possible influences on brain development.  How is it diagnosed and treated?
  11. Identify the causes and characteristics of Down syndrome and discuss the outlook for a child born with this disorder.
  12. Tell how researchers determine the heritability of a trait.
  13. Explain the concepts of reaction range.
  14. Give an example of genotype-environment interaction.
  15. Describe what happens during ovulation and fertilization.
  16. Tell how the cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles apply to prenatal development.
  17. Summarize the development that occurs during the zygote stage.
  18. Define the following terms:, germ disk, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, placenta, and umbilical cord.
  19. Give three possible reasons why males are more vulnerable during the prenatal period and throughout life.
  20. Summarize the development that takes place during the fetal stage

 

1. Canadian Children and Youth

1.1. Canadian longitudinal study

1.2. Childhood social indicators

 

2. Genetic Foundations

2.1. Multifactorial transmission

  Phenotypes

  Genotypes

2.2. Chromosomes

  Autosomes

  Cell

2.3. The genetic code

  Deoxyribonucleic acid

  Adenine

  Thymine

  Guanine

  Cytosine

  Genes

  Mitosis

2.4. The sex cells

  Gametes

  Meiosis

  Crossing over

  Zygote

2.5. Multiple offspring

  Monozygotic

  Dizygotic

2.6. Sex chromosomes

2.7. Single gene inheritance

2.7.1.   Forms of genes

  Allele

  Homozygous

  Heterozygous

2.7.2.   Dominant-recessive relationships

  Dominant

  Recessive

  Carriers

  Phenylketonuria

  Huntington disease

2.7.3.   Incomplete dominance

  Sickle cell trait

2.7.4.   X-linked inheritance

2.7.5.   Genetic imprinting

2.7.6.   Mutation

2.8. Polygenic inheritance

 

3. Chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders

3.1. Phenylketonuria

3.2. Down syndrome

3.3. Abnormalities of the sex chromosome

3.4. Genetic counselling

3.5. Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine

 

4. Heredity, environment and behaviour

  Behavioral genetics

4.1. Heritability

  Heritability estimates

  Kinship studies

4.2. Concordance

4.3. Limitations of heritability and concordance

4.4. Reaction range

4.5. Genetic-environmental correlation

  Passive gene-environment relation

  Evocative gene-environment relation

  Active gene-environment relation

  Niche-picking

 

5. Prenatal Development

5.1. Conception

5.2. The period of the zygote

  Germ disk

  Implantation

  Amnion

  Chorion

  Villi

  Placenta

  Umbilical cord

5.3. The period of the embryo

  Ectoderm

  Mesoderm

  Endoderm

  Cephalocaudal principle

  Proximodistal principle

5.4. The period of the fetus

  Second trimester

  Vernix

  Lanugo

  Third trimester

  Age of viability

 

6. Prenatal Environmental Influences: General Risk Factors

6.1. Nutrition

  Folic acid

  Calcium

  Magnesium & zinc

  Iodine

  Multivitamin

6.2. Exercise

6.3. Stress

6.3.1.   Intense anxiety

6.3.2.   Four effects of stress

6.4. Maternal age

6.4.1.   Older mothers

6.4.2.   Young mothers

6.4.3.   Previous births